Saturday, May 23, 2020

The Pros And Cons Of The Use Of Cell Phones While Driving

It is known that the use of cell phones, specifically handheld use such as texting, while driving decreases driver awareness and the overall safety of roads. In response to this knowledge, some states have passed laws that have outlawed the use of handheld devices, and while there should be laws that definitively outlaw handheld usage, is there enough empirical evidence to outlaw hands free usage of cell phones? In other words, does hands free usage of cell phones, via bluetooth, speakerphone, etc., distract drivers enough to the point where states should legally ban the total use cell phones while driving? The following will introduce arguments for both sides of this topic, one for hands free cell phone usage and the other against cell†¦show more content†¦Additionally, the cell phone group rated themselves worse in driving performance before and after the simulator. This indicates that driver performance is impaired by cell phone use and drivers generally know their drivin g is worse when using cell phones. Other evidence against hands free cell phone use while driving is simply that talking on hands free devices is just as bad as talking on handheld devices in relation to driver performance (Ishigami Klein, 2009). To determine this, Ishigami and Klein (2007) reviewed the results of several separate studies that investigated the impacts of handheld and hands free cell phone usage on the detection reaction times of drivers. These studies were: Abdel-Aty (2003), Burns et al. (2002), Consiglio et al. (2003), Haigney et al. (2000), McEvoy et al. (2005), Patten et al. (2004), Redelmeier and Tibshirani (1997), Strayer and Johnson (2001), Strayer, Drews, and Crouch (2006), and Tà ¶rnros and Boiling (2005, 2006). Consiglio et al. studied the effects of auditory distractions, such as cell phone, by measuring the reaction time of participants using a non-driving, braking task where participants released an accelerator and applied the brakes if a red light we re shown. The control group performed the task without auditory stimulation. Strayer and Johnson (2001) examined the effects of phone conversation onShow MoreRelatedCell Phones for Young People Useful or Distracting?1031 Words   |  5 Pages There has always been controversy as to whether texting and cell phone use can cause young people to be less likely to be able to concentrate and focus. As young citizens we have the right to be able to own a cell phone and not be criticized using it for educational reasons. Phones give you access to the internet, teach responsibility, and is an emergency access to contact parents; however it can cause cheating in class room areas by sharing answers, it can distract people from doing work in classRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Owning a Cell Phone790 Words   |  4 PagesThe pros and cons of owning a cell phone Broc Barchard COMM/112 April-08-2013 Kerry Moquett The pros and cons of owning a cell phone Annotated Bibliography: Are cell phones controlling us? I generally like this source because it goes into great detail about the evolution of cell phones. Starting back in 1984 the first cell phone was basically a brick, and now the cell phones used today are way smaller. Also this source talks about devices becomingRead MorePros And Cons Of Teenage Cell Phone Use1023 Words   |  5 PagesDecember 2014 Pros and Cons of Teenage Cell Phone Use Cell phones have become a major part of people’s lives. They are probably one of the biggest inventions when it comes to communication because of the many functions that they are capable of performing. The use of cell phones has become especially popular among teens as it is a major part of teenage social life. One source states that â€Å"22 percent of children ages 6 to 9 own a cell phone; 60 percent of tweens ages 10 to 14 own a phone, and 84 percentRead MoreMarxism in Brave New World Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesCumberbatch Government The Pros * You can be in touch with your children, and know their whereabouts. (The Pew study noted that 48 percent of parents use the phone to monitor their childs location.) * Your kids can reach you in the event of an emergency, and vice versa. * If in danger, your children can reach the authorities or a medical provider. * Phones can be silenced during class or study periods, and active only in appropriate places. * Cell phones create a convenience thatRead MoreMobile Phones Has Impacted Health, Education, And Interaction1683 Words   |  7 Pagesbillions and billions of people, where smart phones are ever increasing, a lot of people in this world use cell phones as a means of communication. Cell phones have become a big part of everyone’s lives today. Smart phones today have been around for over a century now. These phones can really come in handy. Smart phones can be used for a variety of things like, communicating to one another, sending pictures, and even downloading applications on the phones that could be beneficial to you. On the otherRead MoreCell Phones : Pro Vs. Con1025 Words   |  5 PagesCell Phones: Pro vs. Con Cell phones have come a long way since April 3, 1973 when the first phone was invented. The first call in history was made that day by Motorola employee Martin Cooper, as he stood next to a 900 MHz base station in New York City and phoned to the headquarters of Bell Labs in New Jersey (The Cellphone Turns 40: Remembering Martin Cooper’s Historic Call). Since that day, cell phones have evolved to become what is now a all-in-one master piece. A current cell phone removes theRead More Should the Age for Getting a License be Higher Than 16? Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesmore careless with their driving over the years. It may be the teens lack of experience or that they are just too young to have the responsibility of driving a car. As the years have gone by, teens have become more distracted while driving. With their cell phones buzzing uncontrollably, the music blaring, and their friends yelling in the back seat; teens are having a hard time focusing on the other drivers aroun d them. Teenagers have a very hard time â€Å"multitasking† while driving, posing more of a hazardRead MoreCell Phones : Good And Bad891 Words   |  4 PagesCell phones could be both good and bad. Some people say that cell phones are dangerous. While, other people would argue that cell phones are a great invention. With every invention comes positives and negatives. Some of the advantages that cell phones provide is that testing is a fast and easy way of communication, texting and have social media all on your phone can always keep you updated and social with your friends, and people always have all of their personal information at one touch and carriesRead MoreThe Effects Of Idevices Overuse On The Physiology, Psychology, And Safety Of People951 Words   |  4 Pageshumanity.† (Albert Einstein). In recent times, with the proliferation of cell phones and intelligent devices, there is a general concern for the impact the use of these devices causes with users. The exc essive use of cell-phones, iPhone and iPod devices is becoming one of the major sociological problems people face, which has many effects on the physiology, psychology, and safety of people. Today drivers increasingly use their cell phones and intelligent devices to send messages, access the internet, orRead MoreThe Importance Of Cell Phones And Driving1053 Words   |  5 Pagesthe use of cell phones that they are no more conscious of what is going on around them. â€Å"Studies found out that more than 90 percent of students admit to using their devices for non-class activities during class times.† During class hours, students are busy texting on their phones while the class is going on. This has led to lack of concentration towards students therefore leading to poor academic performance. Also, â€Å"Sexting†- the act of sending or receiving explicit pictures by cell phones is more

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Bonuses Can Backfire - 1436 Words

Case Incident 3 Bonuses Can BackFire. Question 1 In a competitive business climate, more business owners are looking at improvements in quality while reducing costs. Meanwhile, a strong economy has resulted in a tight job market. So while small businesses need to get more from their employees, their employees are looking for more out of them. Employee reward and recognition programs are one method of motivating employees to change work habits and key behaviors to benefit a small business. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, reward and recognition systems should be considered separately. Employee reward systems refer to programs set up by a company to reward performance and motivate employees on individual and/or group†¦show more content†¦Likewise, if quality is an important issue for an entrepreneur, the reward system that he or she designs should not emphasize rewarding the quantity of work accomplished by a business unit. Case Discussion 4 Question 1 * Relax – People will sense your genuineness and casualness, and theyll respond accordingly. Stiff, formal conversation will probably lead to equally rigid responses. * Listen and observe more than you talk – Use active listening with your staff. When people feel youre hearing them, youll probably seem more sincere. Read some pointers on active listening. * Ask for feedback and ideas – Let everyone know that you want ideas to make things better. As the boss, people may think that your opinions and ideas are right. So hold back from saying what you think – the goal is to see what others have to say. * Wander around equally – Dont spend more time in one department or section than another. And dont always talk to the same people or to people with certain ranks. You want to be approachable to everyone, regardless of job title or position. * Use the time for spontaneous recognition – If you see something good, compliment the person. Thi s is a perfect way to show your gratitude. * Hold meetings out and about – Instead of having all your meetings in the boardroom or your office, meet with people in their work areasShow MoreRelatedHow Do Corporations Achieve Effective Management?1134 Words   |  5 Pagesphysiological needs of its employees by setting an average salary of $108,483, which basically can ensure survival† (Management). Furthermore, Apple provides â€Å"a wide range of applications to protect the safety needs of workers, such as the development of health and safety standards, training more employees to identify hazards, providing safety equipment or offering subsidies and bonuses† (Ibid). From this it can be seen that Apple applies extrinsic motivational methods to motivate its staff by offeringRead MoreAnalysis Of Elizabeth Grammar On Job Redesign1064 Words   |  5 Pagescorrect unnecessary steps, and consequently make his job more efficient and effective. This tool helps as a moti vator that leads to higher employee satisfaction since the subject feels more in control of his job. Nevertheless, job enrichment can also backfire because employees will not see the correlation between earning more duties, and not earning more money (Carpenter, M., Taylor, B., Erdogan, B., 2009). In Layman’s case study, the job enrichment principles are present first in recognizing thatRead MoreMotivational Methods1155 Words   |  5 Pagesworkplace so it would be great to implement those goals into the workplace. To make these goals a reality the employer or leader of the team can offer incentives such as bonuses or special lunches. In order to build the team successfully proper leadership is important; however the team members should still have some sort of independence so that the team can operate effectively on its own. According to www.HumanResource.about.com, there are 12 Cs for team building; one of the twelve C’s is cultureRead MoreEssay about A Role of Ethics and Social Responsibilities in Management.1153 Words   |  5 PagesA Role of Ethics and Social Responsibilities in Management. Ethics can be defined as a process of evaluating actions according to moral principal of values(A.Alhemoud). Throughout the centuries people were trying to choose between profit and moral. Perhaps, some of them obtain both, but every time it could have roused ethical issues. Those issues concern fairness, justice, rightness or wrongness; as a result it can only be resolved according to ethical standards. Setting the ethical standardsRead MoreThe Average Cost Of Tuition1730 Words   |  7 Pagesthe institution s main website and magazine. More than three quarters are also responsible for advertising, market research, video production, and student recruitment communications† (Goldsmith). It is believed that the amount spent on advertising can forecast a rise in tuition. â€Å"Some experts on the economics of higher education also warn that marketing contributes to the continuing rise in college costs†¦colleges that spend more money on marketing are building in a layer of cost that would not otherwiseRead MoreApplication Of Game Thinking On Non Game Contexts1494 Words   |  6 Pagesloyalty? And how can we use it retain more customers? Why Gamify Customer Retention? Gamification is the â€Å"application of game-thinking in non-game contexts.† We simply borrow the mechanics of traditional games and apply them to uncommon concepts, like customer retention. Acquiring new customers is expensive. So, reducing customer churn can greatly impact your company’s financial health. A study in the Harvard Business Review noted that increasing customer retention by 5% can generate a 25%-95%Read MoreEssay on Student: Woodrow Wilson and Federal Government Jobs1461 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Garfield’s assassination? (One point) Pendleton Act, which meant that the federal government jobs were to be given based on superiority and throughout examination. What was meant by â€Å"Rum, Romanism and Rebellion†? Why did this comment backfire on Republicans? (Three Points) comment made by Samuel Burchard, a protestant minister, that the Democratic part was Rum,Romanism and rebellion. This comment singled out mostly Irish Catholic men and created a stereotype and this pissed off the CatholicRead MoreHow Bad Is Favoritism in the Workplace?1809 Words   |  7 Pagesharmony is endangered and team work is practically impossible. Worse, your worry that such preferential treatment of some co-workers may even translate to higher pay, bonuses and better career opportunities, may not be misplaced. By not treating everyone equally, a manager is fostering a sense of resentment and separation that can de-motivate employees and damage team unity. Also, by focusing attention on particular employees, it is easy to overlook growth opportunities and unique skill sets offeredRead MoreWill an Acquisition Help or Hinder Your Business? Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesprofitability of your business overnight. It might allow you to take advantage of new economies of scale , or move into new areas. You might be able to acquire a bigger and better customer base, or strengthen your management team. But an acquisition can also bring problems, draining financial and management resources from your original business. You need to work out whether the acquisition will add value to your business, after making realistic allowances for all the hidden costs. To be successfulRead MorePerformance-Related Pay Essay examples1993 Words   |  8 Pagesindividuals which are also in line with organisational goals to make sure incentive plans work effectively. Numerous researches have been conducted regarding the issue of the effectiveness of incentive plans. Some management experts suggested that incentives can be a powerful tool to motivate employees (Bennett, 1993) and Vroom’s (1964) expectancy theory indicated that pay for performance provides a direct and explicit link between performance and outcome, which fixed salary compensation does not. However,

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Business Letters Free Essays

A business letter is more formal than a personal letter. It should have a margin of at least one inch on all four edges. It is always written on 8 ½Ã¢â‚¬ x11†³ (or metric equivalent) unlined stationery. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Letters or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are six parts to a business letter. 1. The Heading. This contains the return address (usually two or three lines) with the date on the last line. Sometimes it may be necessary to include a line after the address and before the date for a phone number, fax number, E-mail address, or something similar. Often a line is skipped between the address and date.   That should always be done if the heading is next to the left margin. It is not necessary to type the return address if you are using stationery with the return address already imprinted. Always include the date. 2. The Inside Address. This is the address you are sending your letter to. Make it as complete as possible. Include titles and names if you know them. This is always on the left margin. If an 8 ½Ã¢â‚¬  x 11†³ paper is folded in thirds to fit in a standard 9†³ business envelope, the inside address can appear through the window in the envelope. An inside address also helps the recipient route the letter properly and can help should the envelope be damaged and the address become unreadable. Skip a line after the heading before the inside address. Skip another line after the inside address before the greeting. 3. The Greeting. Also called the salutation. The greeting in a business letter is always formal. It normally begins with the word â€Å"Dear† and always includes the person’s last name. It normally has a title. Use a first name only if the title is unclear–for example, you are writing to someone named â€Å"Leslie,† but do not know whether the person is male or female. For more on the form of titles, see Titles with Names. The greeting in a business letter always ends in a colon. (You know you are in trouble if you get a letter from a boyfriend or girlfriend and the greeting ends in a colon–it is not going to be friendly.) 4. The Body. The body is written as text. A business letter is never hand written. Depending on the letter style you choose, paragraphs may be indented. Regardless of format, skip a line between paragraphs. Skip a line between the greeting and the body. Skip a line between the body and the close. 5. The Complimentary Close. This short, polite closing ends with a comma. It is either at the left margin or its left edge is in the center,  depending on the Business Letter Style that you use. It begins at the same column the heading does. The block style is becoming more widely used because there is no indenting to bother with in the whole letter. 6. The Signature Line. Skip two lines (unless you have unusually wide or narrow lines) and type out the name to be signed. This customarily includes a middle initial, but does not have to. Women may indicate how they wish to be addressed by placing Miss, Mrs., Ms. or similar title in parentheses before their name. The signature line may include a second line for a title, if appropriate. The term â€Å"By direction† in the second line means that a superior is authorizing the signer. The signature should start directly above the first letter of the signature line in the space between the close and the signature line. Use blue or black ink. Business letters should not contain postscripts. A business letter is a formal communication from an organization to its customers, the general public for their information, another Company or the Authorities. It is often written in a standard format, and in formal language, compared to a private letter between two people who are well known to each other. Optional parts of a business letter Enclosure: The meaning of enclosure is to attach some documents with the letter. Enclosures are related documents sent with a letter such as; bills, cheques, quotations, brochures, price-lists etc. which have been mentioned in the letter and are sent as enclosures. The abbreviation of enclosure is ‘Encl.’. it is not a regular part of the layout of a business letter. It is written only when some documents are to be sent with the letter. If there are many enclosures, they are numbered and placed behind the letter in the order of their serial number. It is written at the bottom left of the letter, after the signature. The enclosure line is very useful to the recipient of the letter. By reading the enclosure receiver comes to know that some more documents have been sent with the letter. If you wish the reader to return any of the documents, type/ Write RETURN after the item. Post Script: Postscript (postscriptum) or P.S. means something written outside the main script it is a bit of writing, not more than three lines, added to the letter after the signature and after enclosures. Writing a post script indicates that the writer had forgotten to include something important in the body of the letter or bit of information which is not a part of main message of the letter. It is often written in hand at the time of signing the letter. It is also used to add a friendly personal note to a formal letter. It enables the writer to establish personal contact. Superscription: In commercial correspondence the word superscription refers to anything that is written on the envelope. The meaning of subscription is â€Å"Something written outside†. As it is written outside, it includes the sender’s address and the recipient’s address as well. Sometimes in response to advertisements for jobs, candidates are advised to superscribe their applications. Identification line / Reference Initials: The reference initials refer to the person who has dictated the letter and the person who has typed out the letter. This line appears two spaces below the last line of the signature, on the left hand side of the paper sheet. In modern institutes the signatory may not be the person who has drafted the letter. The letter must have been typed out by the typist and it might be drafted by third person so identification line enables us to know the name of the person who has drafted the letter and the person who has typed out the letter. e.g. KMP/RJS The first initial is that of the person who has drafted the letter and the second one is the person who has typed out the letter. Identification is helpful if any disputes are found. So if there is any typographical error found out then the typist is to be held responsible. If there is any error regarding contain of the letter found out then the person who has drafted is to be held responsible How to cite Business Letters, Papers

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Leadership and Management Business Characteristics

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Management for Business Characteristics. Answer: Week 2 - BSBLDR501 Develop and use emotional intelligence It began and became popular during the year 1995. He defined Emotional Intelligence as the idea of using the best characteristics, factors, values and skills as well as knowledge to enhance business performance and especially management (O'Boyle et al 2011). His EI model was called the Mixed Model whereby he came up with five main components which are: Self-regulation, internal motivation, social skills and empathy. Furthermore, Daniel decided to accompany every EI component to an employees emotional competence which is naturally possessed (Joseph et al, 2010). Apart from coming up with the model, he also came up with two of his own measuring tools which are: Emotional Competency Inventory (ECI) or the Emotional Social Competency Inventory (ESCI) and the Emotional Intelligence Appraisal (Joseph et al, 2006). Task 2: Personality Based Emotional Intelligence Test (MEIT) (5 marks) From the results of the test, there are four EI Descriptors i.e. they are: Self-awareness which seems to be the most important of them all whereby I scored 7 points. This means knowing your own personality more than anybody else and especially emotionally. Self-management which comprises of self-control, transparency and adaptability. For this I scored 8 points. Social awareness which comprises of empathy, organizational awareness and service orientation whereby I score 9 points. Relationship management that involves things that are related to the external environment or the outside of ones personality where I scored 5 points. Week 3 3: Emotional Intelligence Case Study (5 marks) 1.The employees are showing the emotional stress of losing their values or even skills and losing their jobs in case the bank business operations are changed by Mark. 2.Emotionally effective people are the people who are productive or efficient even with their emotions being put on the line. They value their business goals and objectives more than their personal emotional feelings and disturbances. 3. If I were Mark I would not try to change the banking operations so very fast before I get to understand the previous leadership skill and effects to the banking performance and to employees EI. I would also make sure that all the employees are in line, participating and in agreement especially when it comes to the business changing its emotional intelligence. Any business management needs this group of people because they are most likely going to achieve in or on time and the chances of them achieving the set goals and objectives are very high. The reason is because these are people are more focused towards the businesss goals than anything else. Max would have drafted a memo for each employee or for each banking department to announce the meeting place, time and the length of time it would take. However, he would also have communicates much earlier accompanied by its agendas so that the employees can prepare for it psychologically and physically too. By doing this he would have given time to think about the meetings agenda and also participate in the decision making and give their ideas and views. Week 4 4: Develop a workplace procedure for any one of the following organization. Use a Minimum of 8 bullet points to write the procedure. (10 marks) These include the rules and policies that may be involved in retail store that deals with clothing. Greeting customers and giving the details of the products, prices, features, benefits and the store as a whole. Assembling the cloths inside the store during closing hours (those that were in the display) and taking out for display during opening hours. Maintaining the payments records. Maintaining the clothing inventory. Being aware of the customers actions while in the store. Working with computers and other electronic machines. Ensuring that the store is safe done especially by store security guards. Keeping the store clean, arranged and tidy always to attract more customers. Keeping the stores accounts and financial statements correct and updated as expected by the management. Week 5 5: Scenario based case studies on ethical values and cultural diversity. (10 marks) 1.As an employee, I would go for the game because it was simply an offer that I did not ask for. For instance, I may or may not have done something for the private organization but because it is an offer and not a gift, reward, payment for or bribe then I would join them. However, if it is negatively related to my current organization or job or if the offer comes with any ties and conditions besides just watching the game then I would not take the offer. Furthermore, I would try to my best capability not to combine my personal issues and enjoyment together with my professional responsibilities and duties. Therefore if the offer seems casual then it will remain casual and if professional and independent from my current job or organization then I would take the offer. 2.If I were the manager to these employees, I would make sure that they are able to keep their personal enjoyment aside from their professional responsibilities. In addition to that I would ensure that if the game is to be watched for the benefit of the organization then that is done but if it is for personal importance and benefits then there no organizational funds that are to be used. Also, I would ensure that the cost of the game is worth the spending and not spent in an extravagant manner. Section 2 1.The issue is that the organization does not seem to higher employees from different cultures like the Indians. Also when it comes to the organizational parties, the foods for the minority cultures are not available. 2.If I were the organization manager I would make sure that all cultures from all over the country are represented and respected as they are. In addition to that I would make sure that in every traditional organizational party, every cultures traditions are respected and the foods are available. 6: Workplace diversity: Legislation, rules, codes of practices and business policies. 1.Direct Discrimination-Not allowing Africans to invest in a European Investment Organization Indirect Discrimination-Putting up tough laws that will discourage Africans from investing in a European Investment Organization. 2.Australian Laws Racial Discrimination Act of 1975 Sex Discrimination Act of 1984 Australian Human Rights Commission of 1986 Australian Capital Territory Act- Discrimination Act of 1991 Disability Discrimination Act of 1992 Fair Work Act of 2009 3.I would ensure that all those laws are adhered to by all the employees and especially the management as a whole. Week 6 7: Case Study: Performance plan and KPIs to improve team performance. (10 marks) 1.Document performance issues or the concern itself- This generally involves keeping a clear and detailed record of the employees performance (Adan et all, 2011). This will help the supervisor to monitor, evaluate and analyze the areas that need some improvement. Develop an action plan-This includes coming up with the exact schedule in terms of time, goals and objectives among other needs to be able to implement the performance action (McCutcheon, et all, 1993). Review the performance plan-This should be where the supervisor or employees themselves have a look and read the details of the performance plan together with the manager for him or her to verify its effectiveness and efficiency to the organizations goals and objectives. Schedule a meeting with the employee-The supervisor should set a meeting to give, give a hint and coach the employee in question (Ali, 2013). Do some follow-ups-This is whereby the supervisor makes frequent visits to the employee to check on the progress and proceeds of the plan (Voss et all, 2002). By doing this they will be able to correct them whenever they wrong as early as possible so that they do not mess anything up anymore and if they do it so that it can be meaningless (Skokan et all, 2013). PIP Conclusion- whereby the employee chooses either to rectify or not to rectify their mistakes or performances. Therefore, if an employee does not correct his or her performances then they are likely to get worse and therefore loss to the whole organization (Payangan et all, 2016). Therefore, when an organization employees undergo the above process, they are most likely going to improve or even be better and therefore will retain their old jobs. 2.Key Performance Indicators for a call center Call handling time First call resolution Transfer rate Time to answer Abandon time Idle time Hold time 3.I would ensure that the inputs and the directors are completely independent from each other i.e. none that relies on the other. Also I would ensure that there is perfect trust between the management, input producers and the directors to enable good and smooth operations. Task 8: Case Study: Supporting team performance (5 marks) 1.Groups that are well talented perform less than those that are less talented because of the pressure and desire for each of them to implement their own idea and skill in the group activity rather than coming together as one and agreeing on just one thing. 2.Group Apollo believed that they were the best and could do better on their own without the help of the others. Also they were so confident with themselves, their ideas and views and knew that they were more talented than the others. 3.Manchester United Football Team 4.If I were the coach for Manchester United Team, I would ensure that all the team members are well aware of the overall goals and objectives of the team and are focused and working towards achieving them. I would help them accept each others ideas and opinions on different issues and know that they are all matter when making the teams decisions. References O'Boyle, E. H., Humphrey, R. H., Pollack, J. M., Hawver, T. H., Story, P. A. (2011). The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta?analysis.Journal of Organizational Behavior,32(5), 788-818. Joseph, D. L., Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: an integrative meta-analysis and cascading model.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(1), 54. Ali, A. (2013). How to differentiate between Leadershipand ManagementFunction in Organization: A Review of Scholarly Thoughts.International Journal of Economics Business and Management Studies,2(1), 38-44. McCutcheon, D. M., Meredith, J. R. (1993). Conducting case study research in operations management.Journal of Operations M, 11(3), 239-256. Adan, I., Bekkers, J., Dellaert, N., Jeunet, J., Vissers, J. (2011). Improving operational effectiveness of tactical master plans for emergency and elective patients under stochastic demand and capacitated resources.European Journal of Operational Research,213(1), 290-308. anagement, 11(3), 239-256. Skokan, K., Pawliczek, A., Piszczur, R. (2013). Strategic planning and business performance of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.Journal of Competitiveness,5(4). Payangan, O. R., Taba, M. I., Pabo, M. I. (2016). Factors Affecting the Business Performance of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Creative Economic Sector in Makassar, Indonesia. Voss, C., Tsikriktsis, N., Frohlich, M. (2002). Case research in operations management.International journal of operations production management, 22(2), 195-219.