Literature Review Related to Self-Efficacy Among Students...

Introduction The concept of self-efficacy is grounded in Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory. Bandura (1994) defines perceived self-efficacy as â€Å"people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce efforts† (p. 71). In essence, one having strong self-efficacy experience increase in motivation, accomplishment, and personal well-being ( Bandura, 1994). Those with a low sense of self-efficacy, on the other hand, often suffer stress and depression; unbelieving of their capabilities and often succumbed to failure (Bandura, 1994). While previous research relates students’ positive interactions with faculty to positive academic outcomes, Jungert and Rosander (2010) found a gap in literature which addresses the link between self-efficacy†¦show more content†¦In extending the reach of the study’s limitations, the purpose of this current research is to investigate the correlation between students’ self-efficacy and their strategies to manipulate their study environment by comparing students in Master’s level Clinical Psychology with Master’s level Aviation Science in an online learning environment. In addressing this gap in research†¦ Literature Review While previous research defines self-efficacy, personal self-efficacy and their relation to performance; Devonport and Lane (2006) explore factors such as coping-efficacy (an individual’s confidence level in relation to outstand tasks), and outcome-efficacy (task objectives) were noted to lay foundation for the research focus at hand. While existing literature explores the topic from a cognitive perspective, the current study sought to investigate self-efficacy influences; excluding the previously studied malleable factors. The authors’ hypothesis was two-fold: self-efficacy and coping styles are largely related; and self-efficacy is a predictor of student retention. Participants included 131 first-year undergraduate sports degree students. Open-ended questionnaires were used to create a 40-item self-efficacy measure to gauge confidence levels. Additional materials included MCOPE to assess coping strategies. Researchers used factor analysis andShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Procrastination Among University Students1344 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Procrastination – a phenomenon that has become increasingly prevalent in contemporary society – has developed to the extent that it not only affects university students, but also the general population. 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The literature review of this research study will emphasize valuable information to the refine question† To what extent will the integration fo a motivational strategy affects students’sRead MoreTeaching Experience And Acceptance Of Educational Technologies, Self Efficacy And Alienation2781 Words   |  12 Pagestechnologies, self-efficacy and alienation: Literature Review The relationship between teaching experience, self-efficacy and alienation has received attention from a number of angles in the research literature. Likewise the factors affecting the acceptance of educational technologies have also been investigated, but no study yet examines all factors concurrently. In reviewing the literature it is important to note that these are not isolated factors; for example, a factor contributing to self-efficacyRead MoreSelf Efficacy Among Students From A University Or School1608 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Self-efficacy is the ability to encourage your-self to get things accomplished. Self-efficacy are affecting by four factors as mastery experiences, modeling, persuasion and physiological factors. The purpose behind this paper has been to gain an understanding of how self-efficacy relates to entrepreneurial performance and the concept self-efficacy, with the aim of establishing how this personal characteristic can be measured and used to forecast entrepreneurial achievement. The aim of thisRead MoreStudent s Entrepreneurial Intention Towards Entrepreneurship Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesShapero Sokol (1982). This study proposes quantitative methodology in which cross-sectional data is randomly collected from the different public sector universities of Pakistan through survey questionnaire. The respondents were graduate and master students. After cleaning the data, 304 samples were used for final usage. The response rate was 53 %. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ver sion 21.0 and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) were applied for data analysis. The results of Structural

The French Revolution - 2622 Words

Throughout the 18th century, France had a plethora of problems, all of which stemmed from the formation of the estates. The Third Estate was populated with middle class and the lesser. These citizens were heavily taxed, alienated of food supply, and dealt directly with fixed controlled prices. All of this coupled with economic depression from ongoing wars and lavishness by the Royal Family resulted in several movements that lead to the enlightenment, which ultimately spurred the revolution. It is crucial to know what the Third Estate consisted of in order for one to truly comprehend the hardships for which the citizens faced. The people of the Third Estate made up the middle class down through the Sans-Culottes. Most of these†¦show more content†¦The lack of food and government intervention hurt overall morale of the citizens. As a result of isolation, food riots struck and citizens began racketeering. Subsequently, landlords instituted Feudal Reaction, which allowed them to enforce old laws and regulations in attempts to obtain more from their peasants. The economy took a direct hit, forcing the nobility to set a price caps on necessities such as food, water, and salt. From 1756 to 1763, France fought against Britain in the Seven Years war, which marks the beginning of the downward spiral of the French Monarchy, as well as causes for taxation skyrocketing. Concluding Britain’s victory, France was forced out of North America, leaving Britain in control of the New World. This defeat costs millions of capital, the military’s prestigious tittle, and left French society questioning their military. Hundreds of thousands of men returned from the war to find themselves unemployed and in an economic crisis. Furthering the economic downturn, King Louis XVI continued to compete with Great Britain’s military technology, costing the Monarchy significant capital. King Louis XVI also played a vast role in enhancing the economic turmoil in France. Becoming king in 1775, Louis never initially had the respect of the people and not many showed for his coronation. He was left with difficulties from his father and prior engagements; however, King Louis XVI did not like to speakShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And French Revolutions2006 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough the American and French revolutions both took place in the late 18th century, both fought for independence, and both portrayed patriotism, the revolutions are markedly different in their origins; one which led to the world’s longest lasting democracy and the other to a Napoleonic Dictatorship. Political revolutions in America and France happened because people felt dissatisfied with the way their country was run. In North America they rebelled against rule from a foreign power, they wantedRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution was a time rife with violence, with many revolutionaries using extreme actions to overturn the French Monarchy and create a government based on equality and justice, rather than tyranny and despotism. This violence reached gruesome and terrible heights throughout the revolution, but was justified by the revolutionaries, who believed that their goals of total equality, the end of tyranny, and the return to a virtuous society, allowed them to use means necessary to attain theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1321 Words   |  6 Pages The French Revolution The French Revolution was an iconic piece of history that help shape the world. It was a time were great battles occurred. Blood sheds happen almost every day. The streets were red by the blood of bodies that were dragged from being beheaded. The economy was in bad shape. But before all of this the French had a few goals but there was one goal that they all wanted and that was to get rid of the monarchy. This idea did not arrive out of nowhere, the commoners were influenceRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1640 Words   |  7 Pages The French Revolution is often seen as one of the most influential and significant events in world history (Voices 9). The surge of rebellion present in those against the old regime, or Ancien Rà ©gime, inspired reformers for generations to come. Nevertheless, the French Revolution would not have occurred without the aid of the Enlightenment Thinkers, or Philosophà ©s. These Philosophà ©s’ ideas sparked the French Revolution. Prior to the French Revolution, France was radically different. It was theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1336 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis The French Revolution was such an important time history. Not only was it a massacre with many lives being lost, including that of Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI, it was also a time of great political turmoil which would turn man against man that being the case of Edmond Burke and Thomas Paine. Edmond Burke a traditionalist who believed the people should be loyal to the king against his former friend, Thomas Paine a free thinker who believed in order for things toRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1223 Words   |  5 Pages French Revolution As the Enlightenment began in the middle of the 17th century, people began to use reason rather than stick to tradition. New Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe such as ideas on government. Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousenan believed that the best government was one formed with the general consent of the people. Other Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu believed in freedom of speech and a separation of power within the government. All of theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people think of the French Revolution, they immediately think of the country of France and how the Revolution affected it. What most people do not think about however, is how the Revolution affected other countries, specifically the country of England. England was affected positively and negatively by the Revolution in that there was an increase of political involvement, but there was a collapse in the economy due to war declared by France. The French Revolution created a battle of conflictingRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1180 Words   |  5 PagesLooking at the historical timeline, one can see that the French Revolution derived after the Enlightenment, which brought different ways of thinking, and different outlooks on government and society (553),(555),(558). The Enlightenment also changed the world of public debate, and established some ideas central to the French Revolution. The French Revolution of 1789 occurred due to government debt, class conflict, bankruptcy, the Enlightenment, and the rule of absolutism. These social, economic, andRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1305 Words   |  6 Pages The French Revolution (1789-1814) was a period that affected the outcome of world history tremendously. This is considered a major turning point in European history which has led to dramatic changes in France and other regions of the world. Various social and political issues led to the start of the revolution. Politically, France suffered under the rule of Louis XVI, who ruled by absolute monarchy. Many people had their natural rights renounced and weren’t able to have a political voice. Socially

Stress Management and Environmental Sustainability †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Stress Management and Environmental Sustainability. Answer: Introduction Stress is the way or mechanism through which our bodies deal with any kind of demand or threat. According to Beiter et al (2015), these demands or threats could be internal or external and the body must respond in some way. Often, people tend to view stress as negative and would like to stay far away from it. Most people would prefer to keep off stressor and have no effective ways of coping when major threats or demands are put upon them. Research has found out that stress is not always negative. When it comes in small doses, stress could improve a persons performance by keeping them under some pressure (Boss, Bryant and Mancini, 2016). This pressure in return leads to more yield of results. Stress generally affects all members of the society. This includes university students. Several things happen and contribute to a student being stressed up. For instance, leaving the family home, having an intense pressure to score high grades, trying to establish romantic or love relationships a nd for some having to find a job while in school to cater for their fees and other expenses. These are just a few of the possible contributors to stress among campus students. In this report, the sources of academic stress among university students will be discussed. In addition, effective solutions to deal with the stress will be provided. Stress is something that university students must deal with every day. By the time students seek help conditions/situations that have resulted from stress, it is usually long after stress have accumulated and caused some physical, emotional and psychological deterioration. Most students are overwhelmed with stressful situations and fell as if there is nothing they can do about it thus leading to the kinds of deterioration mentioned above. Circumstances or events that result to stress are known as stressors. Stress is not only caused by negative things but also the positive ones. As a result, there are two kinds of stressors: positive ones and the negative ones. University students have unique kinds of stressful experiences. Certo (2015) defines sources of stress as those circumstances or events that come in the way of people and cause them to either change or adjust the plans they had. To understand the kind of stress that the students undergo while studying at the university, a small-scale research was carried out at the Thomson Rivers University (TRU). The aim of the study was to have a general understanding of the most common types of stressors that students deal with in every day life. With such an understanding, it would be possible to come up with possible solutions that would effectively help the students cope well with stress. This report aims at discussing the main causes of stress for university students and suggest some effective solutions. These will be discussed next. In this section, the major causes of stress among students are going to be disused. The first is relationships. The term relationship has been used here to mean the connections that people have towards others. These connections could result from being related by blood, marriage, etc. As Dexter, Huff, Rudecki and Abraham (2018) observes these relationships could turn out to be a source of stress especially where the student becomes a victim of relationship abuse. Abuse could be money related, sexual or physical and may manifest in ways such as seclusion. Such abuse tends to show after some period and not immediately. Relationship abuse and conflicts could be in form of conflicts with a roommate, interacting with strangers and even family problems. The student results to spending a lot of time thinking about the issue at hand and figuring a way of solving them. Consequently, the attention is diverted from academic work which is the Universitys main goal and core business. The second major source of stress for students is personal factors. These have proven to cause so much stress to students than one can possibly imagine. They also play a very important role in the various aspects of the life of a student. These factors are different for each student and result in different set of perceptions attitudes and behaviours. Personal factors take different forms which all tend to stress up the student and divert their attention from academics. Some of these forms are going to be discussed next. One is change in living environment. having to move from home to school and meeting new people who are so diverse may cause stress. Another form is change in sleeping habits. Campus students change their sleeping patterns drastically especially due to academic workloads leading to stress. According to Gonzalez and Miranda (2014) health problems and poor eating habits also significantly contribute to stress. The other personal factors include financial difficulties whi ch a significant number of students go through and combining job with studies. (Heckman, Lim and Montalto, 2014). The third major cause of stress are academic factors. These are activities within the curriculums that students go though on daily basis. Along the way, they potentially cause stress. For instance, increased class work load. Such an increase means that the student must deal with more than they can comfortably handle. Since they want to get good grades, students will create tight schedules to deal with these assignments, projects etc (Ju, Trebinjac, Bannon and Papaconstantinou, 2017). Since the tasks are enormous, they end up messing with them. Consequently, there is poor performance which is completely different from the expectation of the student. This results to frustration and stress. This is especially true where the students must attend to tasks of different courses each of which requires their attention. Matters are made worse by the fact that most students will have to do this after a tiresome day. Another potential cause of stress to students is language difficulties. The stu dents ability to communicate be it I n examinations, assignments or even presentations is crucial to the process of learning. Where the student has no proficiency in the language being used in teaching and learning, they may become frustrated and end up being stressed up. Procrastination is another cause of stress in this category. This is where the student keeps on pushing tasks to a future date and time instead of promptly working on them. Eventually, the students find themselves with so much to do that it would be so difficult for them to beat the deadlines. Consequently, the student becomes stressed up. Gunnar and Vazquez (2015) demonstrate that this is a significant contributor to stress among campus students. The other academic factor of stress is examinations. Students prove that they deserve a good grade through exams. Many students do extensive research and reading during exam periods to be well conversant with all the course requirement. Often, the pressure is too much and leads to stress. Missing lectures and frustration due misunderstanding are other potential causes of stress in this category. The final major cause of stress to be discussed will be environmental factors. One such factor is lack of vacation or breaks. In situations where students stay in school for long periods before a break, their cognitive ability may become poor. Consequently, the students become tired and no longer feel like studying. In the long run, the students will become stressed up since they lack the zeal to continue studying and learning (Levine, 2017). Another environmental factor of stress is computer problems. The modern society have evolved to an extent where almost every activity requires the use of computer technology. While this has brought a lot of good, it might be a cause of stress to students who do not have the appropriate computer skills. Most of the curriculum needs in the modern day require some computer skills for implementation. Such students could have challenges, feel inferior and result to stress (Zhao, Lei, He, Gu and Li, 2015). Another factor is divorce between parents. So me life occurrence may have major blows especially in the lives of students. When divorce occurs, most students become unhappy and start figuring out how good thing would have been if the parents were still together. With time, this unhappiness accumulates and results to stress. Last to be discussed in this section is future worries. Thinking about the future breeds worries in the minds of many students. The students cant help imagining how it will be after school. This could be especially aggravated in situation where getting a job is not an easy (Spielberger, Sarason, Kulcsar and Van, 2015). The hope of most students is get a job after school and impact the society positively. When the thought that this might not happen creeps their minds, they tend to be stressed up. Stress Management Techniques As seen above it is practically impossible to avoid stress. If not monitored and managed stress could have dire consequences. for instance, it could lead to deteriorated physical, emotional and psychological well-being. Stress can make one chronically unhappy and lead to depression. The good news however, is that stress can effectively be managed. This is very important for students as it would come in handy to help increase their level of happiness and have better grades. There are some ways in which a person can ensure that they deal with stressors effectively to avoid being stressed up. Some of the ways are going to be discussed next. There are some measures that have been put in place by the university that contribute to stress relief. These activities include international days. During these days students and persons from different institutions and parts of the world gather together. During international days the student gets a chance to interact with and learn from persons of diverse cultures and backgrounds. As a result, the student has some time off class where they do not have some workload and assignments to think about. The students mind is refreshed and any stress that they might have is significantly reduced. During such events there are also performances that are done and some speakers who talk to the gatherings. Most of the activities are not academic related. Consequently, it could be viewed as a time when the student has some time on their own to interact, learn and have fun. The other activities besides the international days are gaming and exercise. The Tournament capital centre provides facilities for gaming and exercise. These include gyms, pools and arenas. Exercise and gaming are some of the best methods that a student can use to get relief from stress. Psychologists have described exercise as meditation in motion and helps in optimal bodily functioning. In addition to relieving stress, these activities help one to keep fit and prevent some chronic illnesses such as diabetes and some types of cancer whose occurrence would have aggravated stress. Exercise relieves stress in the following ways: increasing the production of endorphins which are endorphins that lead to euphoric feeling, it is meditation in motion and helps one forget previous awful experiences and helps improve mood and self-confidence. Some other ways through which the student can relieve stress are going to be discussed next. Meditation is one of the other methods. This could be a very effective way of managing stress especially where mindfulness is involved (Sharma and Rush, 2014). This means completely leaving the worries of the future and awful past experiences and focus on what is happening now. It might not be easy when starting as one might wander off but with regular practice, it becomes a great way of relieving stress. When done periodically, meditation strengthens the region of the brain associated with joy and relaxation (Goyal et al, 2014). It would therefore be true to conclude that regular meditation is a great and effective way of attaining stress relief. The other way through which a student can get stress relief is through getting social support (Kulsoom and Afsar, 2015). As the famous adage goes, a problem half shared is half solved. Psychological studies have shown that when a person shares something troubling them with a trusted person, the chances of recovery from the troubling situation significantly improves. Social support could be gained by calling a friend or even sending an email. The key in this is sharing with someone who can be trusted. When the issue is enormous, it might be important to seek help from a professional counsellor (Powell and Enright, 2015). These are trained on how to help people and one of their professional duty is to maintain confidentiality. It could therefore be a good idea to get professional help from them. Another method of relieving stress is deep breathing. Research has demonstrated that deep breathing clears the mind and releases any tension that the body might have. According to Greenberg (2017) we tend to breath shallowly when anxious or under stressful situations and most of the times we do not even notice it. The shallow breathing may cause fewer oxygen to get to the lungs and consequently other parts of the body. This may aggravate the stress further. Deep breathing alleviates this stress. The deeper a breath is, the less anxious one is. The last method to be discussed will be taking a break from the stressor. This might seem difficult, but it is one of the strategies to attain relief from stress. This could involve getting away from a big work project from some time, or even walking away from a crying baby. Once you get away from the stressor, it is helpful to do things that one enjoys such as listening to music (Seaward, 2017). This is different from running away from the real issue. It is just taking some time off and then going back to deal with the real issue once composed. It is a great way of attaining stress relief. Conclusion As seen from the observations above, stress is any circumstance or event that poses some threat or demand upon us. Stress can be caused by either positive events or negative ones. It is practically impossible to completely avoid stress. With proper management of stress, one can lead a normal and fulfilling life. University students have a special set of stressors that significantly affect their academic life. These include: relationships, for example sexual abuse or financial exploitation by someone who the student has some form of connection; academic factors such as procrastination, heavy work load and examinations; personal factors such as drastic change in sleeping habits and a change in the living environment and environmental factors such as inadequate skills of computer use, parents divorce and worrying about the future. The good news is that studies have established effective ways of managing stressful situations and leading satisfying lives. The methods of stress relief incl ude meditation, seeking social support from a trusted person or even a professional counsellor, taking some time to be away from the stressor and deep breathing. Recommendations First, the university management should make more room for courses that pertain to stress management and organize forums and campaigns to sensitize the students about effective methods of managing stress. Secondly, the student leadership should collaborate with department of sports and games to organize games and social programmes for students. Thirdly, there should be close interaction and collaboration between students and the academic stuff when planning on how to go about the intensive courses of the semester. Fourth, guidance and counselling unit should be integrated with the university management to offer help to students. Preferably, some students should be trained on how to help their peers as this has proved to be more effective. Fifth, students should have enough time for sleep and exercise. In addition, good eating habits should be encouraged. Sixth, during lectures that take long hours, some creative games could be used to engage the students. This will help them have som e relief and increase their attention. Lastly, students should create a good balance between studying and working to avoid stress. References Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., Sammut, S. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students.Journal of affective disorders,173, 90-96. Boss, P., Bryant, C. M., Mancini, J. A. (2016).Family stress management: A contextual approach. Sage Publications. Certo, S. (2015).Supervision: Concepts and skill-building. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Dexter, L. R., Huff, K., Rudecki, M., Abraham, S. (2018). College Students Stress Coping Behaviors and Perception of Stress-Effects Holistically.International Journal of Studies in Nursing,3(2), 1. Gonzalez, M. J., Miranda-Massari, J. R. (2014). Diet and stress.Psychiatric Clinics,37(4), 579-589. Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., ... Ranasinghe, P. D. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA internal medicine,174(3), 357-368. Greenberg, J. S. (2017).Comprehensive stress management. McGraw-Hill Education. Gunnar, M. R., Vazquez, D. (2015). Stress neurobiology and developmental psychopathology. InDevelopmental neuroscience. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Heckman, S., Lim, H., Montalto, C. (2014). Factors related to financial stress among college students.Journal of Financial Therapy,5(1), 3. Ju, B., Trebinjac, S., Bannon, L., Papaconstantinou, M. (2017). How much stress is enough for students when re-designing the curriculum and courses?. Kulsoom, B., Afsar, N. A. (2015). Stress, anxiety, and depression among medical students in a multiethnic setting.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment,11, 1713. Kumar, A., Meena, R., Meena, V. S., Bisht, J. K., Pattanayak, A. (2016). Towards the stress management and environmental sustainability. Levine, S. (2017).Social stress. Routledge. Pelletier, J. E., Lytle, L. A., Laska, M. N. (2016). Stress, health risk behaviors, and weight status among community college students.Health Education Behavior,43(2), 139-144. Powell, T. J., Enright, S. J. (2015).Anxiety and stress management. Routledge. Seaward, B. L. (2017).Managing stress. Jones Bartlett Learning. Sharma, M., Rush, S. E. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a stress management intervention for healthy individuals: a systematic review.Journal of evidence-based complementary alternative medicine,19(4), 271-286. Zeytinoglu, I. U., Denton, M., Brookman, C., Davies, S., Sayin, F. K. (2017). Health and safety matters! Associations between organizational practices and personal support workers life and work stress in Ontario, Canada.BMC health services research,17(1), 427. Zhao, F. F., Lei, X. L., He, W., Gu, Y. H., Li, D. W. (2015). The study of perceived stress, coping strategy and self?efficacy of Chinese undergraduate nursing students in clinical practice.International journal of nursing practice,21(4), 401-409.

The importance of information systems Essay Example For Students

The importance of information systems Essay Outline1 1. Executive Summary2 2. The construct of information in Organization3 3. Information Management in Organizations4 4. The construct of Information Systems5 5. Importance of Information System in Organizations6 1 Economic Importance:7 2. Information Systems Improve Performance:8 3. Importance in Decision Making:9 4. Organizational Behavior Change:10 6. Case Study Illustration11 6.1 Volvo Group and Knowledge Management12 Discussion13 Problems with Information Systems14 Decision15 Mentions ; 1. Executive Summary In concern universe there is no replacement for right information at right clip. It is apparent that in last twosome of decennaries efforts has been made to develop systems which make information more precise, readily available and easy accessible throughout the administration. The development and usage of information systems is a modern tendency which is chiefly concerned with the aggregation, procedure and dissimilation of utile information that directs an administration for better planning, better determination devising and finally the better consequences. We will write a custom essay on The importance of information systems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Information systems and information direction is a huge topic. In order to discourse the importance of information systems for an organisation, the cardinal constructs like what is information, how it can be managed must be acknowledged. In this essay there will be brief debuts of these cardinal constructs and so there will be a instance survey of Volvo s Knowledge Management System, the VPS which highlight the importance of information system and information direction in an organisation. Furthermore, it is non ever without a enlistment to follow and appreciate a new construct and information systems are no different. There are some issues and jobs in put ining and utilizing such systems which once more vary one administration to another. This essay will besides touch upon those troubles every bit good. 2. The construct of information in Organization The universe information has different use in different contexts but in organisational context it becomes more complex and hard to grok. Zorkoczy ( 1981 ) defines information â€Å"as the significance that a human expresses by, or infusions from, representations of facts and thoughts, by agencies of the known conventions of the representations used† . On the other manus in organisational context, Stonecash ( 1981 ) defines information by saying that â€Å"information is merely symbols ( informations, text, images, voices, etc. ) that convey intending through their comparative ordination, timing, form, context, etc. information is the natural stuff for doing determinations for making cognition and fuelling the modern organization† . In organisational context, information becomes more like a basic resource similar to work forces, stuff and money. Information is the adhering component that holds an organisation together. On the reverse, since it is intangible, information is rather different for physical resources and is frequently hard to construe and use in expeditiously in order to accomplish desirable results from the oragnisation. However, it is an built-in portion of organisation and should be decently managed to accomplish ends and aims of the organisation ( W.B. Adeoti-Adekeye, 1997 ) . Hence, it is importance to admit the importance of information in the organisational public presentation. 3. Information Management in Organizations Many bookmans have recognized the fact that right information and its flow with in the organisation can drastically better the public presentation and achieve stipulated aims with easiness. But at the same clip it is of import to observe that there is no point of holding information which is non relevant to the organisaton. This is the point where information direction comes in to play. The premier aim of information direction is to do relevant information readily available for the administration in precise and comprehendible format. Langemo, ( 1980 ) has defined Information direction as the â€Å"organization-wide capableness of making, keeping, recovering and doing instantly available the right information, in the right topographic point, at the right clip, in custodies of the right people, at the lowest cost, in the best media, for usage in determination making.† Besides Best ( 1988 ) defines information direction as â€Å"the economic, efficient and effectual co-ordination of the production, control, storage and retrieval and airing of information from external and internal beginnings, in order to better the public presentation of the organization.† 4. The construct of Information Systems Ever since its innovation, computing machines are going built-in portion of worlds and worlds are going more and more dependent on the services offered by them. In words of W.B Adeoti-Adekeye ( 1997 ) â€Å"the promotions in computing machine engineering have escalated adult male s desire to obtain computing machine aid in work outing day-to-day jobs and more complex jobs: jobs which were considered entirely in the sphere of adult male s intuitive and judgmental procedures, peculiarly in organisations, a few old ages ago. Therefore, information systems are going country of involvement in progressive and dynamic organisations. The demand to obtain entree handily, rapidly and economically makes it imperative to invent processs for the creative activity, direction and use of databases in organizations.† Duff and Assad ( 1980 ) , has defined the information system as â€Å"a aggregation of people, processs, a base of informations and ( sometimes ) hardware and package that collects, procedures, shops and communicates informations for dealing processing at operational degree and information to back up Management determination making.† In general footings, Information Systems can be defined as a set of interconnected constituents which accept informations or information ( meaningful informations ) as a natural stuff shop and so treat it to bring forth information as a merchandise to help and back up in determination devising and commanding activities of the organisation. The Information System contains information about the organisation and its environing environment every bit good. The environing environment includes clients, supplies, rivals and other stakeholders of the organisation. The basic three activities input, processing and end product generate the meaningful information that organisation demand. There is another indispensable component of system known as feedback. It is end product returned to allow governments in the organisation to measure input ( Laudon and Laudon 2006 9th Ed. ) . It can be represented in figure as follows ; through one or more transubstantiation procedures It comprises the undermentioned functional elements which relate to the organisation and its environment .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .postImageUrl , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:hover , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:visited , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:active { border:0!important; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:active , .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848 .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uceef6e057e76bad1859f34f59c41a848:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pride And Prejudice (823 words) Essay5. Importance of Information System in Organizations Directors must hold relevant information that increases their cognition of internal procedures and external concern environment. This cognition reduces the grade of uncertainness and makes managerial determinations more rational and practical. Without relevant information most of the determinations made by directors will be like test and mistakes, which in bends decrease the efficiency and profitableness and increase the uncertainness with in the organisation. The chief benefits if an information system can be discussed as follows: 1 Economic Importance: Even though the cost of installing and care of an information system rather high ( depends upon sort of system ) in the beginning, but in due class the costs beads and appears just trade when compared to sorts of benefits enjoyed with the aid of it. Besides with the transition of clip cost of information systems tends to diminish, whereas, costs of its replacements ( for case labor ) has been historically tends to lift ( Laudon, 1990 ) . Furthermore, information systems use webs, which help an organisation to cut down the dealing costs, by doing it worthwhile for organisation to contract external providers alternatively of utilizing internal resources. For case, the Chrysler Corporation reduces costs by obtaining more than 70 % of its parts from other provider by utilizing computing machine links ( Laudon and Laudon, 9th Ed. ) . 2. Information Systems Improve Performance: Information Systems are designed to better the overall efficiency and effectivity of a procedure. The information systems speed up the procedure and cut down the clip by taking non-value adding stairss in the operation. For case, Citibank developed the Automatic Teller Machines and Bank Debit Cards in 1977 ( Laudon and Laudon 9th Ed. ) . It made fiscal minutess easy and was a immense success. Further, Bankss continued to introduce and these yearss with the aid of dependable and unafraid information systems from TEMENOS, Infosys, Oracle etc, most of the client can make bulk of dealing from their place computing machine or even from nomadic telephone. Furthermore, information systems provide existent clip information which reduces the range of mistakes, hence, increases the quality of the end product of the procedure. 3. Importance in Decision Making: Information Systems provides the tools for directors enabling them to supervise, program and prognosis with more preciseness and velocity so of all time earlier. They besides enable directors to react more quickly and adapt fleetly to the fast changing concern environment. The Decision Support Systems can significantly better consequences both on quantitative and qualitative foreparts. For case, there are around 142 million employees working in United States bring forthing $ 12.2 trillion of Gross Domestic Products. If the determination doing quality of these employees could be improved by merely 1 % in a twelvemonth the GDP might be expand well. â€Å"This implies for any organisation the ability of director or employees to do right determination at right clip with the aid of right information can hold extraordinary concern value† ( Laudon and Laudon 9th Ed. ) . 4. Organizational Behavior Change: Behavioral researches illustrate that information systems facilitate flattening of hierarchies by broadening the distribution of information to authorise lower-level employees. It pushes the determination doing rights to the lower degree in the organisation as the lower degree employees receives the information they need to do determinations extinguishing the demand of in-between directors ( Laudon and Laudon 9th Ed. ) . This besides leads to the decrease is the administrative costs of the administration. For illustration, after put ining ERP system Knust-SBO Precision Machining1 of Texas, reduced the administrative staff by 50 % and at the same clip improved the truth of on -time bringings from56.5 % to 95 % . 6. Case Study Illustration The efficient public presentation of an organisation is dependent really much on the public presentation of the internal resources of organisation and their synchronism with external environment. To exemplify the usage and importance of a direction information system in organisational public presentation the undermentioned illustration of Volvo from Pull offing Knowledge in MNCs-The instance of the cognition direction enterprise in the Volvo Group by Sona Gevorgyan and Boban Ivanovski ( 2009 ) will show that how Volvo achieved superior public presentations by deploying their Knowledge direction system. 6.1 Volvo Group and Knowledge Management The Volvo Group is one of the leaders in its industry with production installations in 19 and gross revenues in more than 180 states. In 2008 it employed more than 90,000 employees worldwide bulk located in Sweden, France, USA, Japan, Brazil, China, and South Korea. The industry in which Volvo Group operates is extremely engineering driven and cognition intensive. Its merchandise scope comprises building equipment, trucks and coachs, aircraft engine constituents, thrust system for Marine and industrial applications. Since it operates globally the Group is comprised of legion subordinates, known as merchandise related Business Areas ( BA ) and back uping Business Units ( BU ) . The major map of Business country is to industries merchandises, whereas Business Unit of measurements are responsible for procurance, merchandise planning s and fiscal facets of the concern. As the Group continued to turn, it recognized that the diverseness that the subordinates represent could function as chance to use all the cognition within the Volvo Group. The group acknowledged demand of the planetary Knowledge Management System which could assist in extinguishing waste of resources in footings of animating cognition in one subordinate, while already possessing it in another. Furthermore, such enterprise could potentially function as agencies of detecting new synergisms in the Group that may take to smooth and efficient operation of the Group s activities. Hence, the Volvo Production System Academy was launched in 2008, taking to set about and back up such a common group Knowledge Management enterprise ( Gevorgyan Ivanovski,2009 ) . Knowledge Management Systems are designed to hive away and treat the cognition available in organisations ( Wickramasinghe, 2003 ) , and at the same time back up contextualized application of that cognition ( Maier, 2004 ) . Workers are meant to utilize this engineering in sharing information about past experiences and doing sense of this information, while executing their undertakings ( Wickramasinghe, 2003 ) . Volvo Production System Academy ( VPSA ) is the Centre for research, development and invention in the Volvo Group. The Academy is meant to represents a cardinal research and development unit which provides the basicss for the KM enterprises. It developed the Knowledge Management System for the Group, the Volvo Production System. .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .postImageUrl , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:hover , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:visited , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:active { border:0!important; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:active , .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8f38bfa3e73c462c0b6f30baf288bf3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diabetes EssayThe premise is that operational excellence, sustainable profitableness and client satisfaction is more likely to accomplish if the workers operate in conformity with the VPS guidelines. The VPS theoretical account is described in item through internal paperss known as Reference Material, stored in cardinal database and provided through the VPSA Intranet portal. The database and the Intranet portal on which the information from the database is available, represents the nucleus of the KMS provided by VPSA. The ‘good illustration of VPS theoretical account is an indispensable portion of the feedback and larning facet of the theoretical account. It is repr esents a ocular illustration of exceeding executing of a specific faculty described in the VPS theoretical account, this acts as a communicating tool to promote employees to reiterate the desirable behaviour. Good illustrations from assorted mills are stored in the cardinal database in add-on to the rules, and available on the Intranet portal. The good illustrations are either submitted by the mills and so quality-proofed by VPSA, or spotted in the appraisals that VPSA behaviors. By sharing them through the Intranet portal, good illustrations are meant to function mills from different subordinates to locally implement the VPS faculties by working common synergisms and larning from each other s cognition and experiences. ( Gevorgyan Ivanovski,2009 ) Discussion The Knowledge Management Systems are one of the most complex information systems. The Volvo Group has realized that their merchandise and services are non limited to physical resources but besides on the intangible assets i.e. cognition. Since it operates globally and most of its concern unit are geographically, demographically and culturally dispersed, therefore it was utterly of import for the Group to synchronies its cognition and do it available wherever and whenever it is needed to back up the concern procedures and managerial determinations. The Group achieved it with the aid of an information system, the Volvo Production System. However, put ining an information system does non automatically ensue in success, unless uninterrupted engagement of all single workers in procedures is ensured. In this instance workers have struggled ab initio to get by up with the alterations the system brought in, but the strong organisational civilization motivated them to acquire involved in the procedure. Problems with Information Systems There might be different grounds, but despite of many success narratives there are illustrations of great failure of implementing information systems in organisations. For case ( web resource1 ) ; Hershey Foods The taking cocoa maker in United States accounted 19 % bead in net incomes was caused by an unqualified SAP ERP installing that caused distribution upset during one of its most profitable seasons. AA FoxMeyer Drug s The pharmaceutical distribution company was forced to declare bankruptcy after an unsuccessful ERP execution. NASA . The ERP system was non able to shut year-end books on a Cal Tech contract which consequences in coevals of inaccurate fiscal studies. Bang and Olufsen In 1999, the Danish Hi-Fi audio- picture shaper claimed that SAP systems has damaged relation with its retail merchants It is frequently argued that most of the issues in ERP systems catastrophes were non proficient but were chiefly related to employee and organisational civilization of the house. Many of the failures can be attributed to hapless managerial pattern in the signifier of unequal preparation ( Pang 2001 ) . The opposition to alter from with in the organisation, deficiency of high flexibleness in footings of customization of information system and inadequate IS execution scheme may be considered as the major factors for such a drastic failure of the information systems in certain instances. Decision It is of import to observe that information direction and information systems are the agencies non the terminal of the procedure. Both are the powerful tools in the manus of direction, which when deployed suitably can convey dramatic alteration in the manner an organisation perform and accomplish its aims. Appropriate use of information systems benefits both the organisation and its employees and its stakeholders. But when misapplied, they can blow enormous sums of clip, attempt, and money. To carry through successful information direction and cut down the opportunities of failure in future, an information system must be designed and operated with due respect to organisational civilization every bit good as technological factors. There should be an equal part from both the concern direction and the information professionals while planing and implementing a new information system. There is no uncertainty that better exchange of ideas between organisational direction and information professionals has the possible to develop information systems which will wholly alter the mentality how we run concern today. Mentions ; Best, D.P. ( 1988 ) , â€Å"The hereafter of information management† , International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 8 No. 1, March, pp. 13-24. Duff, W.M. and Asad, M.C. ( 1980 ) , Information Management: An Executive Approach, Oxford University Press, London, p. 243 Langemo, M. ( 1980 ) , â€Å"Records management/word treating a needful squad effort† , Records Management Quarterly, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 10-14. Maier, R. ( 2004 ) . Knowledge direction systems: information and communicating engineerings for cognition direction. Zugl. : Regensburg, Univ. , Habil.-Schr. , 2001. Pang, L. Manager s Guide to Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) Systems information Systems Control Journal, Volume 4, 2001 Sona Gevorgyan and Boban Ivanovski ( 2009 ) Pull offing Knowledge in MNCs-The instance of the cognition direction enterprise in the Volvo Group Stonecash, J.C. ( 1981 ) , â€Å"The IRM showdown† , Infosystem, Vol. 28 No. 10, pp. 42-8. W.B. Adeoti-Adekeye ( 1997 ) â€Å"The importance of direction information systems† Library Review, Vol. 46 No. 5, page 318-327. MCB University Press, 0024-2535. Wickramasinghe, Nilmini ( 2003 ) . â€Å"Do We Practice What We Preach? Are KnowledgeManagement Systems in Practice Truly Reflective of Knowledge Management Systems in Theory? † . Business Process Management Journal, 9 ( 3 ) : 295-316. Zoikoczy, P. ( 1981 ) , Information Technology: An Introduction, Pitman, London, p. 157 1The New ERP System Halves the Administrative Staff, Modern Machine Shop, Feb2002, Vol. 74, p142